|
MONDEGO ESTUARY |
Category I – Degree of Nutrient Enrichment |
Actual Situation
(2003) |
Criteria of Classification |
Partial
Classification |
Notes |
1. Riverine Total N and/or Total P inputs and direct
discharges (RID) |
Nitrogen
986
(ton N/year)
Phosphorus
54
(ton N/year)
|
Description:
Based on 2005 monthly data field registers in
stations near the rivers discharge. |
|
+ |
+ |
It is important to notice the decrease in riverine
total N and riverine total P input in the last two
years. However, the classification in this topic
should remain positive until the end of 2005, where
new field data will be available, being possible
then verify this new tendency |
Mondego
and Pranto River
675 ton
N/year
50
ton P/year |
Domestic
Load
311 ton
N/year
4 ton P/year |
2. Winter DIN and/or DIP Concentrations |
16
µmol N/l
(average)
28
µmol N/l
(Percentile90) |
Description:
Based on 2005 monthly data field registers in 25
stations located almost uniformly in all the estuary
(150 data field points) |
Background Value |
Elevated Value |
- |
Look for complementary information in Additional
Information table. |
44
µmol
N/l |
66
µmol
N/l |
3. Increased
winter N/P ratio |
28.2
(average)
48.4
(Percentile90) |
Description:
Based on 2005 monthly data field registers in 25
stations located almost uniformly in all the estuary
(150 data field points) |
|
|
The actual N/P ratio values can not be compared with
previous years because the data is not available. So
even having some values for 2005, this topic will
not have a classification. |
|
|
MONDEGO ESTUARY |
Category II
– Direct Effects |
Actual Situation
(2003) |
Criteria of Classification |
Partial Classification |
Notes |
1.
Maximum
and Mean Chlorophyll-a Concentration |
7.4 µg/l
(average)
12.8 µg/l
(percentile 90) |
Description:
Summer
of 2005
(150 data points) |
Background Value |
Elevated Value |
- |
+ |
Look for complementary information in Additional
Information table. |
6
µg/l |
9
µg/l |
2.
Region/Area Specific phytoplankton indicator species |
Data Not Available |
|
Not
available information on phytoplankton indicator
species shifts. |
3.
Macrophytes including macroalgae (region specific) |
In Mondego estuary hard substrates extend along 60%
of the total estuarine perimeter dominating the
South channel and are primarily covered by the
genera Enteromorpha, Fucus and Ulva.
Soft substrates, which in the past were
predominantly covered by the seagrass Zostera
noltii and the saltmarsh species Spartina
maritima, are being gradually replaced by the
opportunistic green algae Enteromorpha,
Ulva and the red seaweed Gracillaria
verrucosa – these are classified as the main
ephiphytes in the system. Regular Enteromorpha
blooms have been observed, especially in the inner
areas of the south channel (Ferreira et al., 2002). |
+ |
|
|
|
|
|
OVERALL
CLASSIFICATION |
Category
I
Degree
of Nutrient Enrichment |
Category
II
Direct
Effects |
Category
III and IV
Indirect
Effects/Other possible effects |
Initial
Classification |
Appraisal of all relevant information |
Final
Classification |
+ |
+ |
- |
Problem Area |
Modelling confirms that the north
channel is a non-problem area, mostly because of its
short residence time. Local characteristics of the
south channel could be a consequence of hydrodynamic
conditions instead of nutrients overenrichment.
Consult Additional Information and
Discussion tables. |
Potential
Problem Area |
|
|
DISCUSSION |
In the Mondego estuary, the limiting
factor of phytoplankton production is the residence
time (two days), which is not long enough to allow
the growing of a bloom. In this estuary the
concentration of nutrients is higher in the Northern
channel; however eutrophication symptoms are
detected in the Southern channel (growth of
macro-algae). This seems to be a consequence of the
hydrodynamical properties of this channel.
Artificial closing of the upper connection between
the two channels has stimulated the settling
characteristics of the Southern channel. So, the
causes of the macroalgal blooms are apparently
linked to the management of the Pranto sluice. When
the sluice is opened, high concentrations of
nutrients are discharged to the South channel,
leading to organic enrichment in the sediment. When
the sluice is subsequently closed, the salinity
increase, associated to nutrient availability, is a
trigger for seaweed blooms. The modification of the
trophic characteristics of the Southern channel
requires the reopening of the communication between
the channels and cannot be achieved by a realistic
reduction of nutrients discharged by the rivers (INAG/MARETEC,
2002). |
|
|
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION |
DIN and
Salinity Distribution |
The next figures
represent a time series of the winter dissolved
inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate
concentrations measured in the Mondego estuary
between 1993 and 1997 and also for 2005 and part
of 2004. Each year is represented by the average
of all field data in the winter season (January,
February, March, September, October and
December). The black line represents the moving
average of two years. The moving average can
allowing finding a trend for the field data and
even with an obvious lacking of measurements it
is possible to assume no significant variation
on the winter DIN and Phosphate Concentration
until 2005 and 2004 where there is a significant
tendendy to decrease. |
Figure 1 |
Figure 2 |
Figure 3 and 4
represent spatial distribution of the properties
computed by MOHID Modelling System for the
Mondego estuary. Figure 3 establishes the areas
in which DIN concentrations are below the
background value, between the background and the
elevated level and the areas where the
concentration is above the elevated. In Figure 4
is shown the salinity distribution in each area.
The figures show clearly the existence of three
different zones in the Mondego Estuary: seawater
zone, mixing zone and tidal fresh zone. The
limits of these areas for DIN and salinity
distributions are identical. Generally, it is
possible to say that, according to MOHID
results, higher values of salinity correspond to
areas of lower DIN concentrations and the range
of DIN concentration between the back ground
value and the elevated value correspond to the
mixing area with salinity values that can range
between 20 and 30. Thus, despite the average
value considered to apply the assessment
criteria, it is important to note that the model
results evidence an important gradient of DIN
concentrations in the estuary, characterize the
actual situation with a large range of values,
between 0 and 90 µmol N/L.
Figure 5 represent the DIN vs.
Salinity curve, based on field data registers.
From the figure it is not viable to identify any
clearly relation between the DIN and salinity
values, but it is possible to observe a higher
cloud of points corresponding to high values of
salinity and lower DIN concentration. In fact,
the irregular distribution can be related with
the existence of a sluice controlling the Pranto
river discharge. The characteristics of the
south channel can change in a very significant
way, if the sluice is closed, with salinity
increases, as a consequence of hydrodynamic
conditions changes. The figure shows all the
existing samples, since it was not possible to
distinguish the sluice state in the registers,
which means that includes both conditions. |
Figure 3 |
Figure 4 |
Figure 5
|
|
Chlorophyll_a
Distribution |
The North Channel has concentrations below the
elevated level while in the South channel, the
values can reach to 14 µ g/L. The model results show
clearly the differences between the two channels
indicated before. |
Figure 4. |
Oxygen Distribution |
Figure 5 represents the annual average of oxygen
spatial distribution in the estuary resulting form
the model simulation. Oxygen concentration between 8
and 9 mg/L are found in most estuary and higher
values are found in the south channel, in
concordance with higher values of Chlorophyll-a. |
Figure 5
|
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[1]
2003 is considered as the actual situation because it is the
most recent complete year, having monthly measures
[2]
Assumed as
1980, 1981 and 1982 averages (the oldest years with
available data)
[3]
Assumed as
50% above the background concentration |
|